Omar ibn al-Khattab

 Omar ibn al-Khattab (also spelled Omar bin al-Khattab or Umar ibn al-Khattab) was one of the most prominent companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the second caliph (ruler) of the Rashidun Caliphate. He was born in Mecca around 584 CE and was a member of the Banu Adi clan of the Quraysh tribe.

Omar became a Muslim in 616 CE after hearing verses from the Quran recited by his sister's husband. He later became one of Muhammad's closest companions and advisors, and played a key role in the early spread of Islam. After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, Omar was chosen as the second caliph of the Muslim community.

During his reign as caliph, Omar expanded the Muslim empire by conquering large parts of the Byzantine and Sassanid empires, including Syria, Egypt, and Persia. He also implemented various administrative and social reforms, such as the establishment of a public treasury and the institution of a system of pensions for soldiers and their families.

Omar is revered by Muslims for his piety, wisdom, and just rule. He is often referred to as "Al-Farooq," which means "the one who distinguishes between truth and falsehood." He was assassinated in 644 CE by a Persian slave while leading the morning prayer in Medina.